Showing posts with label polyandry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label polyandry. Show all posts

Thursday, 6 August 2020

徵求博士班學生:研究水鳥的婚配制度

在野生動物中,婚配制度對於性擇,親代照顧,以及其他社會行為都有很大的影響。儘管已經有許多學者在研究一夫多妻和一夫一妻制(包含偶外配對)是如何形成以及如何被維持的,但我們對於一妻多夫制的瞭解仍然相當有限。水鳥的婚配制度多樣性高,是很適合被用來研究婚配制度演化的類群。本計劃的目標即在使用台灣的繁殖水鳥作為研究類群,探究性別角色逆轉的形成原因和維持機制。

 

我們想徵求一位對於演化生態學以及行為生態學有高度興趣和熱忱的學生,具有獨立思考的能力,一起來探究婚配制度的演化。這個研究必須要在人類居住區域進行大量的田野調查,因此,這位學生必須有能力並且有意願進行田野調查,並能夠和非研究者的居民進行溝通協調。田野工作包含尋找巢位,繫放鳥類個體,採集血液樣本供DNA分析使用,並追蹤個體行為。在田野調查季節結束後,需要使用分子技術進行親子鑑定,並使用軟體建立該族群的族譜。因此,具有鳥類繫放或繁殖鳥類調查經驗者會優先考慮。

 

這位博士班學生將由成大生科系許祐薫助理教授,以及英國 University of Bath  Tamás Székely 教授共同指導,兩位老師皆長期研究鳥類婚配制度的演化。Tamás Székely 教授為匈牙利政府所資助的ÉLVONALSHROEBIRD SCIENCE研究計畫中的核心成員,透過參與這個計畫,將有機會和全球多個國家的水鳥研究者進行合作交流。

 

這位博士班學生將會在成大生科系註冊,且遵循該系的修課與畢業標準。本計劃涵蓋這位學生的田野調查及實驗費用,參與國內外學術會議的費用,以及讓這位學生以 visiting student 的身份到英國參訪 Tamás Székely 教授研究團隊的花費。除上述所列經費外,第一年的獎助學金以成大生科系研究生助學金為主(需擔任助教才能領取),並視第一年的表現增加第二年以後的獎助學金。

 

有興趣申請的學生,請在2020915日前(2021春季班),將你的英文履歷(包含兩位推薦人的名單和聯絡方式),研究興趣(包含過去研究經驗和未來研究興趣與方向),學士班以及碩士班的成績單等,所有檔案皆應用英文撰寫,並合併為單一 PDF 檔案,寄至 yuhsunhsu@mail.ncku.edu.tw。在截止日後,我們會盡快通知順利通過第一階段書面審查的申請者,並安排和兩位指導老師進行面試(視訊可)。順利通過面試者,必須在2020年九月底至十月初前完成成功大學博班系統申請。對於研究主題,研究內容,以及申請過程有其他問題,請聯絡許祐薫老師(yuhsunhsu@mail.ncku.edu.tw)。

 

 

許祐薫https://sites.google.com/site/yuhsunhsu/

研究著作(選列)

Hsu, Y.-H.. The consequences of infidelity in non-human animals. In: Handbook of Infidelity. Expected in 2020. Edited by T. Shackelford & T. DeLecce. Oxford University Press. Invited review. Accepted.

Hsu, Y.-H., R. B. Cocroft, R. L. Snyder & C.-P. Lin. 2018. You stay, but I hop: Host-shifting near and far co-dominated the evolution of Enchenopatreehoppers. Ecology and Evolution 8(4): 1954-1965.

Hsu, Y.-H., J. Schroeder, I. Winney, T. Burke & S. Nakagawa. 2015. Are extra-pair males different from cuckolded males? A case study and a meta-analytic examination. Molecular Ecology 24(7): 1558-71

 

Tamás Székelyhttps://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/persons/tamas-szekely/fingerprints/

研究著作(選列)

Kubelka, V., M. Šálek, P. Tomkovich, Zs. Végvári, R. Freckleton & T. Székely. 2018. Global pattern of nest predation is disrupted by climate change in shorebirds. Science 362: 680-683.

Eberhart-Phillips, L. J., C. Küpper, M. C. Carmona-Isunza, O. Vincze, S. Zefania, M. Cruz-López, A. Kosztolányi, T. E. Miller, Z. Barta, I. C. Cuthill, T. Burke, T. Székely, J. I. Hoffman & O. Krüger. 2018. Demographic causes of adult sex ratio variation and their consequences for parental cooperation. Nature Communications 9:1651

Pipoly, I., V. Bókony, M. Kirkpatrick, P. F. Donald, T. Székely & A. Liker. 2015. The genetic sex-determination system predicts adult sex ratios in tetrapods. Nature 527: 91 – 94.

 

 

 

其他相關資訊網頁連結:

 

ÉLVONAL SHROEBIRD SCIENCE: https://elvonalshorebirds.com

成大生科系:https://www.bio.ncku.edu.tw

 

PhD POSITION: Breeding ecology and evolution of mating systems in shorebirds in Taiwan

Mating systems can influence sexual selection, parental behaviour, and other social behaivours in wild animals. Despite many studies investigating the causes and consequences of several common mating systems such as polygamy and monogamy (with or without extra-pair mating), our understanding on polyandry remains limited. The diverse mating systems in shorebirds make them an ideal system to study the causes and consequences of sex-role reversal in polyandry. The objective of this studentship is to investigate these fundamental issues by means of fieldwork and population genetics on breeding shorebirds in Taiwan.

 

We seek one bright and highly motivated student with strong interests in evolutionary ecology and behavioural ecology. The successful candidate is expected to conduct extensive fieldwork in residential areas, so strong willingness to conduct fieldwork and good communication ability with residents are essential. This student will search for nests, trap and ring birds, take blood samples and record their behaviours. In addition, this student will use molecular methods to reconstruct the pedigree of avian population(s). Previous experience with avian field biology and the ability to work independently is important. 

 

The successful candidate will be co-supervised by Yu-Hsun Hsu and Tamás Székely. Both supervisors share their research interests on the evolution of avian mating systems. Professor Tamás Székely is one of the core members of the ÉLVONAL SHROEBIRD SCIENCE. By participating in this PhD project, the successful candidate may have the opportunity to meet and collaborate with other shorebird ornithologists.

 

This student will be based in the Department of Life Sciences in National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) (https://www.bio.ncku.edu.tw/english). Full funding is available by the ÉLVONAL SHOREBIRD SCIENCE to cover the fieldwork, attending conferences and visiting Tamás Székely in the University of Bath, UK. Scholarship for the first year will be provided by NCKU. The amount of scholarship may increase by Yu-Hsun Hsu’s grant funding for the second year onwards depending on your performance. 

 

To apply, please send your CV, the name of two referees, and a concise statement of your research interests, the transcripts of your BSc and MSc as a single PDF file to yuhsunhsu@mail.ncku.edu.tw. All documents should be in English. The deadline of application is 15th September 2020. A double interviews with both Yu-Hsun Hsu and Tamás Székely will be held soon thereafter. After the interviews, the successful candidate will need to go through the official application process in NCKU before 10th October 2020. For further information concerning this position, please contact Yu-Hsun Hsu (yuhsunhsu@mail.ncku.edu.tw).

 

 

Websites with related information:

 

Yu-Hsun Hsu: https://sites.google.com/site/yuhsunhsu/

Hsu, Y.-H.. The consequences of infidelity in non-human animals. In: Handbook of Infidelity. Expected in 2020. Edited by T. Shackelford & T. DeLecce. Oxford University Press. Invited review. Accepted.

Hsu, Y.-H., R. B. Cocroft, R. L. Snyder & C.-P. Lin. 2018. You stay, but I hop: Host-shifting near and far co-dominated the evolution of Enchenopatreehoppers. Ecology and Evolution 8(4): 1954-1965.

Hsu, Y.-H., J. Schroeder, I. Winney, T. Burke & S. Nakagawa. 2015. Are extra-pair males different from cuckolded males? A case study and a meta-analytic examination. Molecular Ecology 24(7): 1558-71

 

Tamás Székelyhttps://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/persons/tamas-szekely

Kubelka, V., M. Šálek, P. Tomkovich, Zs. Végvári, R. Freckleton & T. Székely. 2018. Global pattern of nest predation is disrupted by climate change in shorebirds. Science 362: 680-683.

Eberhart-Phillips, L. J., C. Küpper, M. C. Carmona-Isunza, O. Vincze, S. Zefania, M. Cruz-López, A. Kosztolányi, T. E. Miller, Z. Barta, I. C. Cuthill, T. Burke, T. Székely, J. I. Hoffman & O. Krüger. 2018. Demographic causes of adult sex ratio variation and their consequences for parental cooperation. Nature Communications 9:1651

Pipoly, I., V. Bókony, M. Kirkpatrick, P. F. Donald, T. Székely & A. Liker. 2015. The genetic sex-determination system predicts adult sex ratios in tetrapods. Nature 527: 91 – 94.

 

 

ÉLVONAL SHROEBIRD SCIENCE: https://elvonalshorebirds.com

 

Department of Life Sciences in NCKU: https://www.bio.ncku.edu.tw   

Wednesday, 19 February 2020

Alternative mating tactics

Yu-Hsun Hsu
19th Feb, 2020

Alternative mating tactics(這是最常見的稱呼,但也有人會稱其為 alternative mating strategy),根據維基上的定義 “An alternative mating strategy is a strategy used by male or female animals, often with distinct phenotypes, that differs from the prevailing mating strategy of their sex.” 簡單來說,就是一般而言只有體型大且會打架的雄性會有很高的交配機會,但在一些物種當中,其他雄性會發展出替代的方案,讓體型比較小或比較不會打架的個體也能獲得交配機會。有篇回顧型文章在看 alternative mating tactics 的演化,還蠻有趣的,推薦有興趣的人可以閱讀(Neff & Svensson, 2013)。

在經典案例中,通常這些採用 alternative mating tactics 雄性的形態上也會和 alpha male (有時也會稱為 territorial male  parental males,視各物種中這類主要的繁殖雄性的特色而定長得不一樣,例如海綿等足蟲,或是 cichlid fish  bluegill sunfish 等。常見的策略是模仿雌魚或讓體型變的超小,降低 alpha male 的警戒心,好讓自己有機會靠近性成熟的雌性。許多情況下,這類型的 alternative mating tactics 是有遺傳控制的,而且採用不同策略的雄性之間,生活史很可能會非常不一樣。舉例來說,在 bluegill sunfish 中,parental male 要長到七歲才到達性成熟,但 cuckolder male 在兩歲時就已經性成熟了,兩歲時就能以 sneaker 的方式繁殖(躲在繁殖魚的巢附近,伺機釋放精子),四歲後就發育成用 satellite 的方式繁殖(satellite male 的外觀跟雌魚很像,能降低領域雄魚的警戒心,比較不會被趕走)。

相對應於生活史的不同,有些物種中,採用不同 alternative mating tactics 的雄魚還有其他方面的差異,像是性腺發育,能量的使用和脂肪累積等,甚至也會有不同的遺傳差異。舉上面提到的 bluegill sunfish 為例,解剖發現 sneaker male 的性腺所佔的體積很大,投注許多能量在上面(Miller, 2015),這也符合我們一般認為靠 sperm competition 而不是雄性競爭來最大化繁殖成功率的雄性,會投注較多能量在性腺發育而且睪丸會比較大的觀點。

另一方面,在 cichlid fish 中雄魚分成資產階級魚 (bourgeius male) 跟侏儒魚 (dwarf male),資產階級魚在剛到達性成熟時,體型還小,會先以 sneaker 的方式在其他雄魚的巢區偷襲,用來獲得繁殖的機會,但他們會繼續長大變成築巢的雄魚 (nest male)。而侏儒魚則是在體型很小的時候就到達性成熟。近期的研究發現這兩群雄性在脂肪累積(可以看作是能量儲存方式的代表性指標)上的策略很不一樣(von Kuerthy et al., 2015)。基本上侏儒魚是最不保存脂肪的,這可能跟他最不需要利用脂肪去跟其他雄性打架有關,而且他要維持高機動性的小體型,也比較難做多餘的儲存。而尚未性成熟的雄性,跟 sneaker 雄性的體脂肪比例較高,可能跟他們要把自己預備好,準備在發育成 nest male 時要跟其他雄性打架有關。相較之下,nest male 的脂肪儲存量又變低了,這可能跟作為 nest male要花不少能量在競爭和繁殖上有關。

上面說的都是從型態甚至到遺傳上都有差異的 alternative mating tactics,也就是同一個雄性,要嘛他現在是 alpha male,不然他就是 sneaker/dwarf,很難在短時間內換來換去。但事實上也有單純只在行為上“偶爾”有差異的繁殖策略,也就是同一個雄性,有可能今天或現在採用策略 A,但明天或等等就改成採用策略 B。最好的例子大概就是一夫一妻制的物種中會出現的外遇行為(extra-pair mating)了,在一夫一妻制的物種中,偶爾會有些個體會和其他非配偶的異性交配,像這樣的外遇行為在雀行目鳥類很常見(76%, Brouwer & Griffith, 2019),在哺乳類和其他類群動物中偶爾也會有(Barelli et al., 2013; Rueger et al., 2019)。不過外遇本身就是一個很大的議題,我最近會發表一篇外遇相關的回顧型文章,到時候再一併來介紹吧~





Barelli, C., Matsudaira, K., Wolf, T., Roos, C., Heistermann, M., Hodges, K., Ishida, T., Malaivijitnond, S., & Reichard, U. H. (2013). Extra-pair paternity confirmed in wild white-handed gibbons. American Journal of Primatology75(12), 1185–1195. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22180
Brouwer, L., & Griffith, S. C. (2019). Extra‐pair paternity in birds. Molecular Ecology28(22), 4864–4882. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15259
Miller (2015). Big Battles, Big Gonads: The Crazy World of the Bluegill Spawn. https://blog.nature.org/science/2015/10/14/big-battles-big-gonads-crazy-bluegill-spawn-fish-fishing
Neff, B. D., & Svensson, E. I. (2013). Polyandry and alternative mating tactics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences368(1613). https://doi.org/1208
Rueger, T., Harrison, H. B., Gardiner, N. M., Berumen, M. L., & Jones, G. P. (2019). Extra-pair mating in a socially monogamous and paternal mouth-brooding cardinalfish. Molecular Ecology28(10), 2625–2635. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15103
von Kuerthy, C., Tschirren, L., & Taborsky, M. (2015). Alternative reproductive tactics in snail shell-brooding cichlids diverge in energy reserve allocation. Ecology and Evolution5(10), 2060–2069. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1495

PhD studentship: Environmental effects on extra-pair mating in birds

  PhD studentship based in Taiwan 2025-2029 About the Project: Extra-pair mating occurs when an individual mates with one(s) outside of his...